Colony stimulating factors and macrophage heterogeneity

Colony stimulating factors and macrophage heterogeneity

Macrophages or mononuclear phagocytes are heterogeneous populations present throughout the body which can adapt quite dramatically to the surrounding milieu, both in the steady state and during immune/inflammatory responses. To assist in our understanding of this diversity, they have been classified into polarization or “activation” states, termed M1 and M2, respectively. This in vitro classifi...

Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor

The nature and action of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factors.

Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) stimulates the in vitro proliferation and differentiation of granulocytic and macrophage cells. This regulator is now known to act at other levels of hemopoietic regulation. The heterogeneity of GM-CSFs is not only related to the tissue of origin and the in vitro production method, but also to functional subclasses of the molecule that h...

Separation of functionally distinct human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factors.

Human placental conditioned medium (HPCM) contans colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) required for the growth in vitro of neutrophilic granulocyte-macrophage (GM) and eosinophilic (EO) progenitor cells from human bone marrow. Fractionation of CSFs in HPCM was achieved by manipulation of the elution conditions on a column of phenyl-Sepharose. After equilibration of the phenyl-Sepharose column at h...

Myeloid Colony-Stimulating Factors as Regulators of Macrophage Polarization

The scope of functional heterogeneity in macrophages has been defined by two polarized end states known as M1 and M2, which exhibit the proinflammatory activities necessary for host defense and the tissue repair activities required for restoration of homeostasis, respectively. Macrophage populations in different tissue locations exist in distinct phenotypic states across this M1/M2 spectrum and...